Publications | Umweltbundesamt

Chemicals, Economy | Consumption, Air

Emission of Refrigerant R.134a from Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems

Annual Rate of Emission from Passenger-Car Air-Conditioning Systems up to Seven Yaers Old

The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Protection extends not only to the greenhouse-gases CO2, methane and nitrous oxide, but also to the fluorinated gases (f-gases) HFC, PFC and SF6. By far the most important of the fluorinated greenhouse gases is HFC, used mainly as a substitute for CFCs, while the most significant of the HFCs themselves is HFC 134a, accounting for about three-quarters of world producti...read more

Waste | Resources

Strategy for the Investigation of Hazardous Substances in Industrial Effluents: IDA (Industrial Discharge Assessment)

The extensive detection of hazardous substances in wastewater discharges of the industry requires a concerted combination of chemical and biological analyses beyond those established in the German Wastewater Ordinance or any other European water regulation/legislation. For this reason, an emission-oriented assessment strategy for hazardous substances in industrial wastgewater discharges (Industrie...read more

Economy | Consumption

Exemplary Investigation into the State of Practical Realisation of Integrated Environmental Protection within the Ceramics Industry under Observance of the IPPC-Directive and the Development of BAT Reference Documents

On September, 24th, 1996 the Council of the European Communities issued Directive 96/61/EC on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC-D) [25]. This directive aims at the integrated reduction and prevention of environmental pollution emitted by industrial installations with a high potential of emissions into the environmental media air, water and soil. The priority of the Directive is to...read more

Economy | Consumption

Development of Aids for Drawing Up and Assessing the Plan for the Prevention of Hazardous Incidents

With the Twelfth Ordinance on the Implementation of the Federal Pollution Control Act, which came into force on 3.5.2000, the Hazardous Incidents Ordinance in the version of 20 September 1991 was reformulated. The reason for this new version was the need to implement Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major accident hazards (Seveso II Directive) in German law. read more

Climate | Energy, Sustainability | Strategies | International matters

Instruments and Options for Environmental Policy during the Accession Process of EU Associated Countries in the Area of Environment and Energy

More than four years ago the European Union (EU) decided to start negotiations on accession with possible new member countries. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia were the first countries to be accepted into the formal accession process. There countries are accordingly the called Accession Countries.read more

Chemicals

Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals

Volume I: Results and summary overview -

The present study, "Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals", was commissioned by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) and prepared during the period from September 1998 to December 2000. The present status, as well as trends and alternatives, with regard to the application of flame retardants in selected products of the constructio...read more

Climate | Energy, Air, Sustainability | Strategies | International matters

Greenhouse gas reductions in Germany and the UK - Coincidence or policy induced?

An analysis for international climate policy

Between 1990 and 2000 greenhouse gas emissions in Germany and the UK decreased by more than 18 % and about 12 %, respectively. Thus, Germany and the UK appear to be among the few industrialised countries which are on track to meet the emission reduction targets they have committed themselves to under the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent European Union’s Burden Sharing Agreement. Accordingly, Germ...read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Sodium silicates are mostly used for the production of detergents. Moreover, they are needed in big volumes as basic product for the manufacture of silicic acid as additives for rubbers and plastics and cracking catalysts for the petro-chemical industry. They are also used for the synthesis of zeoliths, kieselgels and brines, for glues, as binding agent for aqueous painting colours, for ore flotat...read more