Umweltbundesamt
Click to enlarge43.334 Tonnes of portable batteries in transport were brought in 2011.
Batteries are ubiquitous nowadays and enable us to use many different kinds of mobile devices independently of the power grid. The environmental and resource relevance of batteries stems from the valuable and hazardous substances they may contain. Hence under no circumstances should batteries ever be disposed of with household waste.
In 2012 43,549 tonnes of portable batteries – more than 1.5 billion units – were placed on the market in Germany. This works out to around 20 batteries per capita and year.
In the UBA’s BattG-Melderegister, battery manufacturers and importers provide information concerning their market participation electronically. Use of this tool (currently available in German only) is free of charge. A part of the BattG-Melderegister data, inter alia information on manufacturers’ obligations to take used batteries back, is available from the BattG-Melderegister website under “Einsicht in das Melderegister”. The purpose of the BattG-Melderegister is to ensure that manufacturers meet their obligations to take back and dispose of the waste batteries. Violation of the Batteriegesetz-Melderegister reporting obligation is an administrative offence.
Consumers are required by law to return all waste batteries to either a store or another collection point for waste batteries. Waste batteries should never be placed in the household garbage, or anywhere in the environment. This is indicated by the symbol comprising a crossed-out wheeled bin that appears on batteries and/or battery packaging. In the interest of facilitating waste battery collection, manufacturers of portable batteries have established a joint collection known as the Gemeinsames Rücknahmesystem GRS Batterien (known as Stiftung Gemeinsames Rücknahmesystem Batterien). There are also other producer specific collection schemes for waste batteries: CCR REBAT, ÖcoReCell, ERP Deutschland and ECOBAT.
Retailers are required by law to take back waste batteries free of charge. In Germany, collection boxes in which consumers can deposit waste portable batteries are available at all stores that sell portable batteries, e.g. supermarket, discounter, drugstore or construction market. Some municipalities take waste batteries back, e.g. via vehicles that make regular collections of hazardous waste, or recycling centres. Consumers can return waste automotive batteries to distributors, participating municipal collection centres, and treatment facilities for end-of-life vehicles (with the battery still installed in the vehicle). A automotive batteries are subject to a €7.50 return deposit. Industrial batteries such as pedelec or electric bicycle motor battery packs can be returned to the retailer.
Recycling schemes for portable waste batteries are required by law to achieve the following collection rates: 35 percent in 2012, 40 percent in 2014 and 45 percent in 2016. The nationwide portable battery collection rate in Germany was 42.1 percent in 2012, 1.1 percent lower than the prior year. 43.549 tonnes of portable batteries were placed on the market in Germany in 2012. In the same year 18,165 tonnes of such batteries were returned. In order to meet the mandated collection rates over the long term and increase the tonnage of returned waste batteries, functioning collection schemes are needed. Also the motivation of consumers to bring waste batteries back to the collection schemes is decisive for a high collection rate.
The 2006 EU Batteries Directive aims to reduce the environmental impact of waste batteries. The Directive was transposed into German law via the Batteries Act (BattG) in 2009, which superseded the 1998 Batterieverordnung (Battery Ordinance). The Batteries Act (BattG) applies to all types of batteries and accumulators (also referred to as accumulators or secondary batteries), i.e. automotive batteries, industrial batteries and rechargeable and non-rechargeable portable batteries. The Batteries Act (BattG) requires manufacturers and importers to take back waste batteries as a matter of extended producer responsibility. For example, this is done for portable batteries through the establishment of collection schemes that require manufacturers to properly recycle returned waste batteries and dispose of non-recyclable batteries. The law places restrictions on the use of mercury and cadmium in new batteries.
Batteries contain substances that make it crucial for them to be collected separately. They consist to a large degree of valuable materials (depending on battery type) for example zinc, nickel, iron, steel, aluminum, lithium, cobalt and silver. Batteries may also contain hazardous substances such as mercury, cadmium and lead. The recycling of batteries is focused on the recovery of these materials and substances, whereby non-recoverable materials and substances are disposed of in accordance with best available techniques.
The batteries that power electric vehicles weigh upwards of 200 kilograms and are usually either nickel-metal hydride accumulators or increasingly lithium-ion accumulators. Particularly the dismantling and recycling of lithium-ion batteries pose a major challenge owing to the highly reactive lithium in these batteries. Against this backdrop, the government is funding Research and Development for the recycling techniques that will be needed going forward for lithium-ion batteries.
The Batteries Act (BattG) sets the following limits on mercury content in batteries: button cells may contain up to 2 percent (20 grams per kilogram) of mercury, while the limit for all other types of batteries is 0.005 percent (5 milligrams per kilogram). Portable-battery cadmium content is limited to 0.002 percent (20 milligrams per kilogram). Batteries used for cordless power tools, emergency or alarm systems emergency lighting, and medical devices are exempt from this limit.
For batteries whose mercury, cadmium or lead content exceeds specific limit values, this fact must be indicated on the battery or packaging, below the symbol of the crossed-out whelled bin. In 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 the UBA commissioned the Federal Institute for Materials Research an Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung) to conduct studies concerning the mercury, cadmium and lead (i.e. heavy metal) content of around 300 portable batteries.
The Federal Environment Ministry promoted and promotes research and development to recycling processes for lithium-ion traction batteries in economic and environmental terms.
The UBA’s motto, For our environment (“Für Mensch und Umwelt”), sums up our mission pretty well, we feel. In this video we give an insight into our work.
