… 6,000 years ago, ships took up conquering the oceans and humans have been making use of maritime transport for centuries. In the beginning, mainly sailing ships … sanctioned by the authorities at all. Oil Pollution Oil disasters, such as those caused by both the tankers ERIKA (1999 off the French coast of Brittany) and PRESTIGE … commissioned an expert report on legal requirements for handling ship sewage , focusing on the categories of scrubber sewage, ballast water and ship-generated sewage. …

… Use and Impact Port view of Bremerhaven with container crane and container ship. … / UBA The seas and oceans, including the North Sea and Baltic Sea, are intensively used by humans. They provide food, energy, raw materials, transportation routes, and …

… and their habitats, especially near the coast, are significantly affected by human use . Many pollutants and too many nutrients from municipalities, industry and … whales, dolphins and fish in particular. In the past, our local seas were also used as a dumping site for old munitions , the toxic explosives and chemical warfare … ecosystem-based approach must be the basis of our actions, and the various uses must be assessed and regulated cumulatively, i.e. holistically. Protecting the …

… parameters. The oldest assessment is the saprobic system „Saprobiensystem“. It uses the population of macrozoobenthos (invertebrates dwelling on the riverbed) to … After 1980 classifications for chemical and morphological parameters were used too. Now the status of waters is integratively assessed using a range of …

… additionally recommends the installation of particle filters in diesel locomotives. User Charges on Global Environmental Goods The world oceans and airspace are typical … of global environmental goods, also known as open-access resources. They can be used by everyone, virtually without limitations and free of charge. Global …

… which promote a switch to more environmentally friendly modes of transport, which use existing capacities (transport routes and vehicles) optimally, and also reduce the specific environmental impact caused by vehicles. A certain share of external environmental costs is caused by emissions of air pollutants and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). The …