Publications | Umweltbundesamt

Climate | Energy, Sustainability | Strategies | International matters

Instruments and Options for Environmental Policy during the Accession Process of EU Associated Countries in the Area of Environment and Energy

More than four years ago the European Union (EU) decided to start negotiations on accession with possible new member countries. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia were the first countries to be accepted into the formal accession process. There countries are accordingly the called Accession Countries.read more

Chemicals

Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals

Volume I: Results and summary overview -

The present study, "Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals", was commissioned by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) and prepared during the period from September 1998 to December 2000. The present status, as well as trends and alternatives, with regard to the application of flame retardants in selected products of the constructio...read more

Climate | Energy, Air, Sustainability | Strategies | International matters

Greenhouse gas reductions in Germany and the UK - Coincidence or policy induced?

An analysis for international climate policy

Between 1990 and 2000 greenhouse gas emissions in Germany and the UK decreased by more than 18 % and about 12 %, respectively. Thus, Germany and the UK appear to be among the few industrialised countries which are on track to meet the emission reduction targets they have committed themselves to under the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent European Union’s Burden Sharing Agreement. Accordingly, Germ...read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Sodium silicates are mostly used for the production of detergents. Moreover, they are needed in big volumes as basic product for the manufacture of silicic acid as additives for rubbers and plastics and cracking catalysts for the petro-chemical industry. They are also used for the synthesis of zeoliths, kieselgels and brines, for glues, as binding agent for aqueous painting colours, for ore flotat...read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Two different types of processes are used for the production of titanium dioxide in Germany : the sulfate process and the chloride process. In Germany, titanium dioxide is produced at four plants, three of them apply the sulfate process, one of them uses the sulfate as well as the chloride process.    read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

The manufacture of sodium perborate takes place as tetrahydrate at first, which is converted in a second process to monohydrate by means of dehydration. Both compounds, the tetrahydrate as well as the monohydrate can be used for the production of detergents. The monohydrate is also used for the manufacture of dishwashing detergents.read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

This document comprises the contribution of Germany to the exchange of information in the European Union on the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) to control the environmental impact of industrial processes and describes the production of urea. This German report provides information on technology for urea production to reduce environmental impact for the drafting of a European BAT – Reference...read more

Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Solid Inorganic Chemicals

Multi-nutrient fertilizers have increasingly gained importance in the last decades mainly for economic reasons, but also due to technical and physiological aspects. According to the type of manufacture, they are divided into mixed fertilizers and complex fertilizers. The manufacture of mixed fertilizers is generally effected by simply mixing dry single fertilizers, so that there are not caused any...read more