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Chemicals

Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals

Volume I: Results and summary overview -

The present study, "Substituting Environmentally Relevant Flame Retardants: Assessment Fundamentals", was commissioned by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) and prepared during the period from September 1998 to December 2000. The present status, as well as trends and alternatives, with regard to the application of flame retardants in selected products of the constructio...read more

Series
Texte
Number of pages
204
Year of publication
rated as helpful
227
Climate | Energy, Air, Sustainability | Strategies | International matters

Greenhouse gas reductions in Germany and the UK - Coincidence or policy induced?

An analysis for international climate policy

Between 1990 and 2000 greenhouse gas emissions in Germany and the UK decreased by more than 18 % and about 12 %, respectively. Thus, Germany and the UK appear to be among the few industrialised countries which are on track to meet the emission reduction targets they have committed themselves to under the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent European Union’s Burden Sharing Agreement. Accordingly, Germ...read more

Series
Climate Change
Number of pages
46
Year of publication
rated as helpful
129
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Sodium Silicate

Sodium silicates are mostly used for the production of detergents. Moreover, they are needed in big volumes as basic product for the manufacture of silicic acid as additives for rubbers and plastics and cracking catalysts for the petro-chemical industry. They are also used for the synthesis of zeoliths, kieselgels and brines, for glues, as binding agent for aqueous painting colours, for ore flotat...read more

Number of pages
22
Year of publication
rated as helpful
104
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Titanium Dioxide

Two different types of processes are used for the production of titanium dioxide in Germany : the sulfate process and the chloride process. In Germany, titanium dioxide is produced at four plants, three of them apply the sulfate process, one of them uses the sulfate as well as the chloride process.    read more

Number of pages
20
Year of publication
rated as helpful
105
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Sodium Perborate

The manufacture of sodium perborate takes place as tetrahydrate at first, which is converted in a second process to monohydrate by means of dehydration. Both compounds, the tetrahydrate as well as the monohydrate can be used for the production of detergents. The monohydrate is also used for the manufacture of dishwashing detergents.read more

Number of pages
10
Year of publication
rated as helpful
100
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Urea

This document comprises the contribution of Germany to the exchange of information in the European Union on the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) to control the environmental impact of industrial processes and describes the production of urea. This German report provides information on technology for urea production to reduce environmental impact for the drafting of a European BAT – Reference...read more

Number of pages
26
Year of publication
rated as helpful
103
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Solid Inorganic Chemicals

NPK-Fertilizer

Multi-nutrient fertilizers have increasingly gained importance in the last decades mainly for economic reasons, but also due to technical and physiological aspects. According to the type of manufacture, they are divided into mixed fertilizers and complex fertilizers. The manufacture of mixed fertilizers is generally effected by simply mixing dry single fertilizers, so that there are not caused any...read more

Number of pages
16
Year of publication
rated as helpful
97
Economy | Consumption

German Notes on BAT of the production of

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals

Soda

The annual world production of sodium carbonate (soda) amounted to approximately 31,5 million tons in 1993. The main share is synthetic soda. Nowadays it is only manufactured by means of the Solvay technology, which – as it uses NH3 as auxiliary material – is also called „ammonia soda process“. Approximately 35 % of the world production is natural soda, mainly manufactured in the USA.  read more

Number of pages
15
Year of publication
rated as helpful
112