Indicator: Employment in the renewable energy sector | Umweltbundesamt

At a glance

• 406,300 people worked in the renewable energy sector in 2023.
• Strong employment growth until 2011 was followed by a pronounced decline that resulted from the widespread collapse of the domestic photovoltaic industry.
• Only since 2020, employment has been rising again.

Environmental importance

The use of renewable energies – such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydro and biomass – is an indispensable contribution to climate protection and resource conservation. Expanding renewable energies not only benefits climate protection and the labour market. It represents an essential contribution to the security of energy supply and reduces dependency on energy imports.

The indicator shows the development of the number of people employed in the renewable energy sector in Germany: for planning tasks, for the production and maintenance of renewable energy systems, for administration or for research, development and marketing. If the use of renewable energies increases, this is also associated with a displacement of other energy production systems such as coal, oil and gas and thus a reduction in jobs in other economic sectors. However, model calculations and scenario analyses show that increasing the share of renewable energies also has a positive net effect on the labour market (Oehlmann et al. 2019).

Assessing the development

Between 2000 and 2023, the number of jobs in the renewable energy sector increased nearly fourfold. In 2023, the figure was around 406,300 people. Wind power, solar energy, and biomass now account for the largest share.

This trend, however, was subject to fluctuations rather than following a pattern of continuous increase. This was caused initially by the slump in domestic production in the most important sub-sector of the solar industry, photovoltaics. Most of it migrated to other countries – in particular to China. Wind energy maintained a steady upward trend and saw an increase in employment up until 2016. In 2017, however, there was a sharp decline in the number of employees, which continued until 2019. The main drivers for this were significant losses in foreign trade and a dramatic decline in newly installed wind turbines in Germany. Since 2020, there has been an overall increase in employment in the renewable energy sector. In addition to wind energy, this development was driven in particular by solar energy and heat pumps (as a part of geothermal energy).

Methodology

The estimation of the number of employees in the renewable energy sector cannot be based on statistics alone. For this purpose, sophisticated estimation methods have been developed based on input-output calculations, for example. The methods and the current results are described in detail in studies commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy (O'Sullivan et al. 2019, Ulrich and Edler 2025, in German only).

More detailed information: „Beschäftigung und Umweltschutz" (in German only).